Ⅲ．Study reading
Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text．
1．Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students．
[句式分析]
时间状语(Yesterday)，主语(another student and I)，现在分词短语作定语(representing ... association)，谓语和宾语(went to ... Airport)不定式短语作目的状语(to meet ... students)．
[尝试翻译] 昨天我和另外一个同学代表我们大学的学生会去首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。
2．After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously．
[句式分析]
，
[尝试翻译] 等了半个小时之后，他们的航班到达，我看见几个年轻人走进等候区好奇地向四周张望。
3．They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know．
[句式分析]
[尝试翻译] 他们握了握手，并且在对方的脸颊上吻了两下。因为这是法国成年人见到熟人的礼俗。
课文互译
COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?
Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students． They were coming to study at Beijing University． We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen． After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously． I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them．
The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain． After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised． Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence． I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding． Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada． As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student． Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand． They both apologized — another cultural mistake!
Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan． When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself． I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my hand． When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing through the door, she recognized Tony Garcia's smiling face． They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know． Ahmed Aziz, on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls． Men from Middle Eastern and other Muslim countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women．
As I get to know more international friends, I learn more about this cultural "body language"． Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people． In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken "language" through physical distance, actions or posture． English people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet． However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them． Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the Japanese, who prefer to bow．
These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed． I have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general — not all members of a culture behave in the same way． In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads！
交际：没有问题了吗？
昨天，我和另一个同学代表我们大学的学生会，到首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。他们是来北京大学留学的。我们将先带他们去宿舍，然后带他们去学生餐厅。等待了半个小时之后，他们的航班到达，我看到几个年轻人进入了等候区好奇地四处张望。我站在那儿观察了一会儿，然后走过去向他们打招呼。
第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，紧随其后的是来自英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。我与他们碰面并把他们介绍给对方认识，我(对看到的情景)非常吃惊。托尼走近朱莉娅，摸了摸她的肩，并亲了她的脸！朱莉娅看上去很吃惊，往后退了退，并抬起双手，像是防卫。我猜想这其中可能有个大的误会。接下来来自日本的永田明和来自加拿大的乔治·库克笑着走过来了。当我介绍他们的时候，乔治对这个日本学生伸出了手。然而，就在这时，永田明向他鞠躬，因此他的鼻子触到了乔治伸过来的手。他们都向对方道歉——又一个文化上的差异！
另一位国际学生叫艾哈迈德·阿齐兹，来自约旦。我们昨天见了面，当我进行自我介绍时，他靠我很近。我往后退了一点，但他又靠前一点，问了一个问题，然后和我握手。当来自法国的达琳·库隆匆忙走进门时，她认出了托尼·加西亚的微笑的面孔。他们握手，然后在彼此脸颊上吻了两下，因为这是法国成年人在见到熟人时的礼俗。相反，艾哈迈德·阿齐兹只是朝女孩们点了点头。中东和其他穆斯林国家的男士通常和男士谈话时站得非常近，但是他们通常不和女士有身体接触。
随着我认识的国际朋友越来越多，我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的身势语。各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也不一样。用口头语言进行交流的同时，他们也通过身体间距、动作和姿态等非语言来表达情感。例如，英国人通常不和别人站得太近，也不会和刚见面的陌生人有身体接触。不过，来自像西班牙、意大利或南美等国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。现在世界上多数人见面都会相互握手问候，但有些文化(背景的人)会采取另外一些寒暄方式，比方说，日本人更喜欢鞠躬。
这些行为没有好坏之分，只不过是文化发展的不同方式。然而，我发现身势语的文化礼俗很广泛，并不是一种文化中的所有人都行为一致。但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能够帮助我们避免交往中的困难！
Ⅰ．单词拼写
1．The association was formed to represent (代表) the interests of women artists．
2．As you approached (走近) the school, the first building you see is the teaching building．
3．Our flight (航班) eventually left five hours late．
4．I don't think that we should be seen travelling together — people might misunderstand (误解)．
5．Mr Green greeted (迎接) me warmly as I arrived．
6．Which are you more likely (可能的) to have with you at any given moment — your cell phone or your wallet?
7．Stress is a major (主要的) problem of modern life．
8．Children must be accompanied by an adult (成年人)．
Ⅱ．拓展词汇
1．associatio n n．社团；联系；联想→associate vt．结交；联合
2．curious adj．好奇的→curiously adv．好奇地→curiosity n．好奇心；奇物
3．defend vt．保护；保卫→defence n．防御；保卫
4．major adj．主要的→majority n．大多数
5．employ v．雇用；使用→employee n．雇员→employer n．雇主→employment n．雇用；就业
6．statement n．陈述；说明→state vt．陈述；说明
7．misunderstand vt．误解，误会→misunderstanding n．误解；误会
[巧记单词]
Ⅲ．补全短语
1．in defence 在防守；在保卫
2．on the contrary 相反的
3．be likely to 很可能……；有希望……
4．in general 总的来说；通常
5．defend ．．． against/from ．．． 保卫……以免受
6．shake hands with 与……握手
必背句型：
1．[教材原句]The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain．
第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
[句型点拨]名词被first, second等序数词修饰时，其后常用不定式作后置定语。
[佳句赏析]As far as I know, he was the first man to pass the driving test．
据我所知，他是第一个通过驾考的人。
2．[教材原句]Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people．
各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样。
[句型点拨]not与all连用为部分否定。
[佳句赏析]Not all are willing to do such work, for it is quite hard for some of them．
并不是所有人都愿意做这样的工作，因为它对于有些人来说太难了。
3．[教材原句]However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them．
但是，来自像西班牙、意大利或南美等国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且很可能(用身体)接触对方。
[句型点拨]be likely to do sth．"有可能做某事"。
[佳句赏析]Physically active children are more likely to become active and healthy adults．
活泼好动的孩子更有可能成长为积极健康的成年人。
1．There are many different ways to greet someone using words．用语言问候别人有很多方式。
★greet vi．& vt．迎接；问候；致敬
①Mother likes greeting her guests at the door．妈妈喜欢在门口迎接她的客人们。
②He greeted me in the street with a friendly wave of the hand．他在街上向我友好地挥手致意。
③Please give my greetings (greet) to Miss Macleod．请代我向麦克劳德小姐问好。
2．Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students．昨天我和另一个同学代表我们大学的学生会去首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。
★represent vt．代表；表现；描绘；象征
①Representing our school, I'm glad to tell you something about these activities．我非常高兴代表我们学校告诉你们有关这些活动的一些事情。
②She represents her mother as/to be the kindest mother in the world．她把她的妈妈描绘成世界上最好的母亲。
③As a representative (represent) of resettled people, I support the construction of the project．作为移民代表，我支持该项目的建设。
3．After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously．等了半个小时之后，他们的航班终于到达了，我看见几个年轻人走进等候区好奇地向四周张望。
★curiously adv．好奇地；奇妙地
①Suddenly the girl quieted down and curiously began looking all around．小女孩突然安静了下来，用好奇的眼光开始观察四周。
②It is good to be_curious_about the world around you because I think curiosity is the best teacher．对你周围的世界感到好奇是件好事，因为我认为好奇心是最好的老师。
③The little boy, out of curiosity, took the radio set apart．出于好奇，这个小男孩把收音机拆零散了。
4．Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek！托尼走近朱莉娅，摸了摸她的肩，并亲了她的脸！
★approach vt．& vi．接近；靠近；走近n．接近；方法；途径
①As Teachers' Day was approaching, our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day for a change this year．随着教师节的临近，今年我们班决定换一种方式举行一场晚会来庆祝这个重要的节日。
②Did Mary approach you about/on lending her some money?玛丽找你商量过有关借钱给她的事吗？
③The job market has changed and our approaches to finding work must change as well．就业市场变了，我们找工作的途径也要改变。
5．She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence．她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫。
★defence n．防御；保卫
①All the people, men and women, young and old, were fighting against the flood in defence of their own homes．所有的人，无论男女老少，都在与洪水作斗争，保卫自己的家园。
②Some think that students should be trained to defend themselves against some attacks．有些人认为应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。
6．Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people．各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也不一样。
★句中not all ．．．表示部分否定。not与一些具有完全意义的词如all, both, every, everything, everybody, everywhere, altogether, entirely, completely等连用，不管not放在什么位置，均表示部分否定。
①Such a thing is not to be found everywhere．这种事并非随处可见。
②All the boys are not interested in sports．
＝Not all the boys are interested in sports．
不是所有的男孩都喜欢运动。
[拓展]
用none, neither, no one, nobody, nothing, never等表示全部否定。
③None of the students have passed the exam．这些学生都没有通过考试。
④He could answer neither_of the questions．两个问题他都答不上来。
7．However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them不过，来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且很可能(用身体)接触对方。
★Sb．/Sth．be likely to do sth．＝ It's likely that ．．．"……做某事是可能的"。
①You are likely to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking．
→It is likely that you will suffer from bad health if you keep smoking．如果继续吸烟，你的身体健康会受到损害。
②It's probable that they will come back next week．他们很可能下周回来。
③Do you think it is possible that the bank made a mistake?你认为可能是银行犯了错误吗？
8．In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads！但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难！
★in general总的来说；通常；一般而言；大体上
①In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant．总的说来，大约20%的父母参与是积极的，45%是消极的，其余的是无意义的。
②The more ancient any form is, the more, as a general rule, it differs from living forms．任何类型愈久远，依一般规律讲，它和现存类型的差异也越大。
③Generally speaking, the number of the people who drive after drinking is smaller and smaller．总体来说，酒后开车的人的数量越来越少。
[语法剖析]
现在分词(短语)在句中作状语用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。
1．作时间状语
现在分词作时间状语时，常放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Hearing the noise, I turned round．
＝When I heard the noise, I turned round．听到响声我转过身去。
2．作原因状语
现在分词作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，也可以放在句首。
Being poor, he couldn't afford a TV set．
＝Because he was poor, he couldn't afford a TV set．由于贫穷，他买不起一台电视机。
3．作条件状语
现在分词作条件状语时，相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。
Working hard, you'll certainly succeed．
＝ If you work hard, you'll certainly succeed．只要努力学习，你肯定会成功的。
4．作结果状语
现在分词作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。
The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage．大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。
[点津] 现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。试比较：
He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold．被雨淋后他感冒了。
I hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday．我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5．作让步、方式和伴随状语
现在分词作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成并列句。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book．
＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book．玛丽坐在教室的窗边读一本书。
现在分词的时态
现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式(doing)，还是用完成式(having done)。
(1)当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。
Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine．
我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)
(2)当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。
Having finished the letter, he went to post it．
他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)
现在分词的语态
使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy．(现在分词的被动式)被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。
Having finished his homework, he went to bed．(现在分词的主动式)完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。
动词ing 形式的否定式：not ＋v．ing; not having ＋ v．ed
Not knowing this, he didn't come．他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting．因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
独立主格
动词ing形式作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。
All the students having sat down, the lecture began．所有学生坐好之后，讲座开始了。
The new year coming, we were happy．新年来了，我们很高兴。
The regulation permitting, I will go with you．制度允许的话，我就和你去。
现在分词作评注性状语
有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking "一般来说"，judging by/from ．．．"从……判断"，taking everything into consideration "从全盘考虑"。
Judging from his behaviour, he must be mad．从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys．一般来说，女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。
Ⅰ．单词拼写
1．The machine won't function (运转) properly if you don't oil it well．
2．She gave false (虚假的) information to the insurance company．
3．The man was shaking his fist (拳头) at us through the window．
4．They hugged (拥抱) each other when they met at the station．
5．They are people of all ranks (等级) and classes．
6．I gave him some medicine to ease (减轻) the pain．
7．I felt so sleepy that I couldn't stop yawning (打呵欠)．
8．As a critic, his writing is far too subjective (主观的)．
Ⅱ．拓展词汇
1．facial adj．面部的→face n．面部；脸
2．truly adv．真实地；真诚地；真正地→true adj．真实的；真正的
3．anger n．怒气；怒火→angry adj．生气的；恼火的
4．respectful adj．恭敬的→respect v．&n．尊敬；恭敬
5．ease n．安逸；舒适vt．减轻(痛苦，忧虑)→easy adj．容易的
[巧记单词]
Ⅲ．补全短语
1．at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
2．lose face 丢脸
3．turn one's back to背对；背弃
4．give a hug to sb． 拥抱某人
5．nod the head 点点头
6．be respectful to sb． 尊敬某人
7．up and down 上上下下；来来回回
8．look away from把目光从……上移开；不看
9．in most cases 在大多数情况下
必背句型：
1．[教材原句]It is possible to "read" others around us, even if they do not intend for us to catch their unspoken communication．
"读懂"我们周围人的心思是有可能的，即便他们并不想让我们捕捉到他们没有说出来的信息。
[句型点拨]even if意为"即使，尽管"，在句中引导让步状语从句。
[佳句赏析]He said he would make this computer work even if he had to stay up all night．
他说他即使整晚不睡觉也一定要让这台计算机工作起来。
2．[教材原句]How about showing that I am bored?
怎么表示我很厌烦呢？
[句型点拨]How about ．．． 常常用于征求对方意见，意为"……怎么样"。
[佳句赏析]How about doing a survey on tourists' impressions?
我们做一个游客印象的问卷调查如何？
课文互译：
SHOWING OUR FEELINGS
Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language． People around the world show all kinds of feelings, wishes and attitudes that they might never speak aloud． It is possible to "read" others around us, even if they do not intend for us to catch their unspoken communication． Of course, body language can be misread, but many gestures and actions are universal．
The most universal facial expression is, of course, the smile — its function is to show happiness and put people at ease． It does not always mean that we are truly happy, however． Smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry． There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone "loses face" and smiles to hide it． However, the general purpose of smiling is to show good feelings．
From the time we are babies, we show unhappiness or anger by frowning． In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger． Making a fist and shaking it almost always means that someone is angry and threatening another person．
There are many ways around the world to show agreement, but nodding the head up and down is used for agreement almost worldwide． Most people also understand that shaking the head from side to side means disagreement or refusal．
How about showing that I am bored? Looking away from people or yawning will, in most cases, make me appear to be uninterested． However, if I turn toward and look at someone or something, people from almost every culture will think that I am interested． If I roll my eyes and turn my head away, I most likely do not believe what I am hearing or do not like it．
Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture, but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to a boss or teacher． In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank． Standing at a little distance with open hands will show that I am willing to listen．
With so many cultural differences between people, it is great to have some similarities in body language． We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand each other as well as we do！
表达我们的情感
身势语是最强有力的交流手段之一，甚至通常它比口头语言更有力量。世界各地的人要表达各种情感、愿望和态度，他们可能从来不会大声地说出来。"读懂"我们身边的人是有可能的，尽管他们并不想让我们捕捉到他们没有说出来的意思。当然，身势语也会被误读，但是很多手势和举动都是具有普遍性的。
微笑当属最普遍使用的面部表情，它的作用是表示快乐和安人心境。然而它并不总是代表着真正的快乐。世界上的微笑可能是假象，来掩盖像生气、恐惧或担忧的情绪。还有不愉快的微笑，比如说当某人丢脸时，他们用微笑来掩饰。但是，微笑一般是用来表达好的情感的。
从婴儿时代开始，我们就用皱眉来表示不悦和生气。在世界大部分地区，皱眉和背对着某人表示生气。攥拳并晃动拳头几乎总是表示某人很生气并要威胁他人。
世界上有很多种表示同意的方式，但是上下点头表示同意几乎在全世界范围内适用。大部分人也明白左右摇头是不同意或拒绝的意思。
怎么表示我很厌烦呢？在多数情况下，把目光从人们身上移开或打呵欠，会使我看上去(对某物/人)不感兴趣。然而，如果我转向某人或某物并看着他(它)的话，几乎每种文化背景下的人都会认为我对此感兴趣。如果我转动眼睛，把头扭向一边，很可能就是我不相信或者不喜欢我所听到的。
在每种文化背景下，尊重他人是主观的，但是通常拥抱老板和老师可能会不妥当。几乎在每一种文化背景下，和级别比自己高的人站得太近通常是不好的。两手伸开，站得有一定距离表示我愿意聆听。
人们之间有那么多的文化差异，而身势语有一些相似之处是很好的。我们经常会彼此误会，因此我们能做到相互理解是一件很令人惊奇的事情！
重点讲解：
1．It is possible to "read" others around us, even if they do not intend for us to catch their unspoken communication．"读懂"我们周围人的心思是有可能的，即便他们并不想让我们捕捉到他们没有说出来的信息。
★本句是一个主从复合句，其中even if用来引导让步状语从句，意为"尽管；即使"，相当于even though。
①We have decided to visit the museum even if/though it rains tomorrow．即使下雨，我们也决定明天去参观博物馆。
②Even if/though he is poor, she loves him．尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。
2．The most universal facial expression is, of course, the smile — its function is to show happiness and put people at ease．最普遍使用的面部表情当然是微笑——其作用是表示快乐和使人放松。
★function n．作用；(事物的)功能；职能；机能vi．运转；起作用
①The function of a cashmachine is to provide people with cash when the bank is shut．自动取款机的功能是在银行关门后让人们提取现金。
②In your new job, you will be expected to perform many different functions (function)．在新的工作岗位上，你可要履行许多不同的职责。
③Some English adverbs function_as adjectives．英语中有些副词可作形容词用。
★ease n．安逸；舒适vt．减轻(痛苦，忧虑)；缓和
④I felt that he was not at ease with what he had prepared．我感到他对原来准备好的内容有点局促不安。
⑤We live in an age when more information is available with ease than ever before．我们生活在这样一个时代，更多的信息比以往更容易获取。
⑥Walking helps to ease him of his pain．散步有助于减轻他的疼痛。
3．Smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry．世界上的微笑可能是假的，用来掩饰其他情绪，比如生气、害怕和烦恼。
★anger n．怒气；怒火vt．使发怒；激怒
①Her mother hardly ever shouted at her in/with anger．她的母亲几乎从来不怒气冲冲地对她喊叫。
②She was angry with him for saying so．她因他这样说而生他的气。
③He was angry about/at the hurt．他因受到伤害而发怒。
4．There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone "loses face" and smiles to hide it．还有不愉快的微笑，比如当某人"丢了面子"就会用微笑来掩饰。
★lose face丢脸；丢面子
①John's careless work made him lose face before his boss．约翰工作的疏忽使他在老板面前丢了脸。
②Rather than admit failure, Frank made a face in order to save his face．弗兰克为了保全面子，没有承认失败，而是做了个鬼脸。
③Faced with difficulties, they never give up but try their best to find a way out．面对困难时，他们从不放弃而是努力寻找出路。
④In face of the disaster, people united, making every effort together to rescue the trapped people．在灾难面前，人们团结起来，齐心协力营救被困群众。
5．In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger．在世界上大多数地方，皱眉或者背对着某人都表示生气。
★turn one's back to背对；背弃；对……置之不理
①She did not turn her back to her friends when they needed help．朋友需要她帮助的时候，她从不拒绝。
②I don't understand why they turned_down my suggestion．我不明白他们为什么拒绝我的建议。
③He said he was a doctor, but later he turned_out_to_be a cheat．他自称是个医生，结果证明他是个骗子。
[写作技法指导]
关注问题类的书信属于应用文的范畴。关注信是作者就某一个问题或一些现象，表达自己对事件的关心，并提出自己的一些看法和解决办法的一类信件。一封好的关注信分为三个部分：开头、主体和结尾。应注意以下三点：
1．开头一般开门见山，直接表明自己的观点；
2．主体则是主题的展开和深化，要把论点按照逻辑顺序列出，连同证据、原因或例子；
3．结尾则是开头的呼应，总结论点，并重申观点。
黄金表达
1．No matter how hard the problem is, it will be solved．不管问题有多严重，都会被解决的。
2．I suggest that we should have a law that tells people not to leave rubbish on beaches．我建议我们应该有告诉人们不要在海边乱扔垃圾的法律规定。
3．So, as a reader, I suggest that you make some necessary changes as soon as possible so that the library can benefit more people．因此，作为一名读者，我建议您应该尽快做出一些必要的改变，以便图书馆能让更多的人受益。
4．Second, some books are not placed in order, making it difficult for readers to find what they want quickly．第二，有些书没有按顺序摆放，这让读者很难快速找到他们想要的图书。
5．It's true that attitude decides everything． So you should never give up no matter what happens．态度决定一切，所以不管发生什么都不要放弃。
6．If I can be of any help, please don't hesitate to let me know．如有需帮助的地方务必让我知道。
[写作规范]
[题目要求]
今天早晨你注意到你的朋友杰克很难过，这让你自己也感到不快乐。假设你是肖玲，请根据下面要点给他写一封100词左右的电子邮件。
1．杰克好像哭过；
2．你询问他时，他低下了头，你对这种尴尬局面表示道歉；
3．询问杰克不高兴的原因：是因为同学之间的误解还是英语口语考试的失败让自己感到丢脸？
4．提出你愿意提供帮助，并建议消除坏情绪的最好方法是学会与朋友共同承担。
[三步作文法]
第一步：搜索单元词汇
1．低头 put one's head down
2．尴尬 embarrass
3．误解 misunderstanding
4．口语 spoken English
5．丢脸 lose face
第二步：巧用单元语法和句型
(一)完成句子
1．今天早晨我注意到你看上去很难过。
I noticed that you seemed very upset this morning．
2．我也感到不快乐。
I didn't feel at ease either．
3．你看上去好像哭过。
It looked as if/as though you had been crying/had cried．
4．你和同学之间有误解吗？
Is there any misunderstanding between you and your classmates?
5．消除坏情绪的最好方法是学会与朋友共同承担。
The best way to get rid of/of getting_rid of bad mood is to learn how to share it with your friends．
(二)根据所给要求，用以上句子完成句式升级
升级一：用现在分词短语作状语连接句1、句2
Noticing that you seemed very upset this morning, I didn't feel at ease either．
升级二：用approach改写句5
The best approach to getting rid of bad mood is to learn how to share it with your friends．
第三步：连接过渡成篇
Dear Jack，
Noticing that you seemed very upset this morning, I didn't feel at ease either． It looked as if you had been crying． When I asked you what was wrong, you put your head down． I'm sorry if I embarrassed you． I just want to help!
Is there any misunderstanding between you and your classmates? Or did your failure in the test of spoken English make you lose face? If not, would you like to tell me the reason?
I really would like to help you if I can． The best approach to getting rid of bad mood is to learn how to share it with your friends．
Yours，
Xiao Ling
WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
approach
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳approach的意思及用法。
1. Many kinds of birds fly south at the approach of winter.
2. When learning a foreign language, the best approach is to study the spoken language.
3. Since our research has not produced any answers to this problem, we need to use a different approach to it.
4. We could just see the train approaching in the distance.
5. As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.
6. It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.
【自我归纳】 approach既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①接近（句1）；②方法，手段（后常跟介词________）（句2、句3）。
★作动词时，意为：①接近，靠近（句4、句5）；②着手处理（句6）。
【即学即练】 写出下面句子中画线单词的词性及含义。
1. I see it’s approaching lunchtime, so let’s take a break. ________ ________
2. Heavy footsteps signalled the teacher’s approach. ________ ________
3. Before trying to solve the puzzle, let us consider the best way to approach it. ________ ________
4. I don’t think it is a proper approach to the problem. ________ ________
参考答案
【自我归纳】 to 【即学即练】 1. v. 接近 2. n. 接近 3. v. 着手处理 4. n. 方法
likely
【归纳】 likely是形容词，意为“可能的，预料的，有希望的”， 可作定语，也可用于以下结构：be likely to do sth.；be likely + that从句。如：
The most likely cause of the fire was a cigarette.
The study shows some people are more likely to suffer back problems.
It’s quite likely that we’ll be in Spain this time next year.
【即学即练】 根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. 简今晚很可能给我打电话。
Jane ________ ________ ________ ________ me tonight.
2. 他们很可能输了这次比赛。
________ ________ ________ ________ they will lose the game.
参考答案
【即学即练】 1. is likely to call / ring 2. It is likely that
represent
【语境展示】阅读下列句子，从A-E中找出与各句中的represent相符合的意思。
1. The picture represents a busy scene. ________
2. A policeman represents the power of law. ________
3. Let me try to represent my ideas to you in another way. ________
4. Mr. Smith was chosen to represent the company at the meeting. ________
5. The red lines on the map represent railways. ________
A. 代表(人、团体、机构等) B. 标志，象征
C. 说明，陈述 D. (画面)描绘 E. (符号等)表示
【拓展】representation n. 表现，描述
representative n. 代表，有代表性的事物
adj. 有代表性的
【即学即练】用represent的适当形式填空。
1. The tiger is a common ________ of the cat family.
2. We ________ our demands to the boss at the meeting yesterday.
3. The painting is a(n) ________ of a storm at sea.
【语境展示】1-5 DBCAE
【即学即练】1. representative 2. represented 3. representation
function
【语境展示】阅读下列句子，并试着归纳function的意思及用法。
1. The machine won’t function well if you don’t oil it.
2. The sofa can also function as a bed.
3. The brain performs a very important function; it controls the nervous system of the body.
【自我归纳】
★function作不及物动词时，意为：①运转(句1)；②起……的作用，常与介词as连用(句2)。
★function作名词时，意为“作用，功能”(句3)。
【拓展】functional adj. 运转的，有……功能的，起……作用的
【即学即练】用function的适当形式填空。
1. This machine has stopped ________.
2. I’m hardly ________ if I don’t get eight hours’ sleep!
3. What ________ can this programme perform?
【即学即练】
1. functioning 2. functional 3. functions
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
1. After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. (P26)
【分析】
①本句是一个简单句。
②句子的主干是I saw several young people enter the waiting area。
③After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive是介词短语作时间状语。
④looking around curiously是动词-ing形式短语作enter的________状语。
【句意】 在等待他们的航班半个小时之后，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，好奇地向四周张望。
【仿写】 在等待火车一个小时之后，我们看见一名男子走出了火车站，焦急地向四周张望。
After an hour of waiting for the train to arrive, we saw a young man walk out of the railway station, looking around anxiously.
2. They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know. (P26)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②主句是They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek，since引导伴随从句。
③since引导的原因从句中包含when引导的时间状语从句，其中they know是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词people。
【句意】他们握了握手，并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下，因为那是法国成年人见到熟人时的礼节。
【仿写】汤姆害羞地笑了笑然后鞠了个躬，因为那是他见到爸爸请到家里的客人的习惯。
Tom smiled shyly and bowed, since that is his habit when he meets the guests his father invites to home.
3. In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture.
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②In the same way that people communicate with spoken language是介词短语作状语，其中that people communicate with spoken language是定语从句，修饰先行词 way。
③在they also express ... actions or posture中，using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture是动词-ing形式短语作方式状语。
【句意】用口头语言交流的同时，人们还使用不出声的语言——身体间的距离、动作和姿态等，来表达情感。
【仿写】人们与他人相处的同时，他们总会用自己的规则作为标准去批评他人。
In the same way that people get along with others, they always criticise others using their own rules as standards.
Task I. Write a summary of the text.
Task I.
Another student and I from our university’s student association went to the airport to meet some international students who were coming to study at Beijing University. Not all people from different cultures greet each other in the same way. Here’s what happened. Tony Garcia from Colombia tried to kiss Julia Smith from Britain on the cheek but she moved away. George Cook from Canada tried to shake hands with Akira Nagata from Japan, who bowed instead. Ahmed Aziz from Jordan came too close to me, so I stepped back. Darlene Coulon from France and Tony Garcia shook hands and kissed each other on the cheek. Having international friends has helped me to learn more about the “body languages” of different cultures. Studying them can help us avoid difficulties in today’s global society. (By Ray Cama)
